Origins (c. 2600–2400 BCE)
The Royal Game of Ur is one of the oldest known board games in human history. It originated in ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) during the Early Dynastic III period. The game was played across all social classes throughout the Middle East, with boards found as far away as Egypt, Syria, Cyprus, and India.
Archaeological Discovery
In the 1920s, the renowned British archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley excavated the Royal Cemetery of Ur. Among the spectacular treasures, he discovered five beautifully crafted game boards. The most famous board, now housed in the British Museum, is made of wood covered with shell plaque tiles, red limestone, and lapis lazuli, framed with gold leaf.
Deciphering the Rules
Although the game fell out of popularity in antiquity, its rules were preserved on a Babylonian clay tablet written by the scribe Itti-Marduk-balāṭu in 177–176 BCE. In the 1980s, Irving Finkel, a curator at the British Museum, translated this cuneiform tablet. The tablet described the names of the pieces, the tetrahedral (four-sided) dice, and how landing on the rosette squares yielded extra turns or safe havens—enabling the modern revival of the game.